Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration syllabus ; Wilson’s vision of Public Administration; Evolution of the discipline and its present status; New Public Administration; Public Choice approach; Challenges of liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation; Good Governance: concept and application; New Public Management.
Scientific Management and Scientific Management movement; Classical Theory; Weber’s bureaucratic model – its critique and post-Weberian Developments; Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett); Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others); Functions of the Executive (C.I. Barnard); Simon’s decision-making theory; Participative Management (R. Likert, C.Argyris, D.McGregor).
Process and techniques of decision-making; Communication; Morale; Motivation Theories – content, process and contemporary; Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern.
Theories – systems, contingency; Structure and forms: Ministries and Departments, Corporations, Companies, Boards and Commissions; Ad hoc and advisory bodies; Headquarters and Field relationships; Regulatory Authorities; Public - Private Partnerships.
Concepts of accountability and control; Legislative, Executive and Judicial control over administration; Citizen and Administration; Role of media, interest groups, voluntary organizations; Civil society; Citizen’s Charters; Right to Information; Social audit.
Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on Administrative law; Delegated legislation; Administrative Tribunals.
Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in different countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and administration; Riggsian models and their critique.
Concept of development; Changing profile of development administration; ‘Anti-development thesis’; Bureaucracy and development; Strong state versus the market debate; Impact of liberalisation on administration in developing countries; Women and development - the self-help group movement.
Importance of human resource development; Recruitment, training, career advancement, position classification, discipline, performance appraisal, promotion, pay and service conditions; employer-employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism; Code of conduct; Administrative ethics.
Models of policy-making and their critique; Processes of conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review and their limitations; State theories and public policy formulation.
Organisation and methods, Work study and work management; e-governance and information technology; Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM.
Monetary and fiscal policies; Public borrowings and public debt Budgets - types and forms; Budgetary process; Financial accountability; Accounts and audit.
लोक-प्रशासन
प्रशासनिक सिद्धांत
Kautilya’s Arthashastra; Mughal administration; Legacy of British rule in politics and administration - Indianization of public services, revenue administration, district administration, local self-government.
Salient features and value premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture; Bureaucracy and democracy; Bureaucracy and development.
Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public Sector Undertakings; Problems of autonomy, accountability and control; Impact of liberalization and privatization.
Executive, Parliament, Judiciary - structure, functions, work processes; Recent trends; Intragovernmental relations; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister’s Office; Central Secretariat; Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices; Field organizations.
Machinery of planning; Role, composition and functions of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council; ‘Indicative’ planning; Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels; Constitutional Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development and social justice.
Union-State administrative, legislative and financial relations; Role of the Finance Commission; Governor; Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State Secretariat; Directorates.
Changing role of the Collector; Union-state-local relations; Imperatives of development management and law and order administration; District administration and democratic decentralization.
Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training and capacity-building; Good governance initiatives; Code of conduct and discipline; Staff associations; Political rights; Grievance redressal mechanism; Civil service neutrality; Civil service activism.
Budget as a political instrument; Parliamentary control of public expenditure; Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal area; Accounting techniques; Audit; Role of Controller General of Accounts and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Major concerns; Important Committees and Commissions; Reforms in financial management and human resource development; Problems of implementation.
Institutions and agencies since independence; Rural development programmes: foci and strategies; Decentralization and Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment.
Municipal governance: main features, structures, finance and problem areas; 74th Constitutional Amendment; Global-local debate; New localism; Development dynamics, politics and administration with special reference to city management.
British legacy; National Police Commission; Investigative agencies; Role of central and state agencies including paramilitary forces in maintenance of law and order and countering insurgency and terrorism; Criminalisation of politics and administration; Police-public relations; Reforms in Police.
Values in public service; Regulatory Commissions; National Human Rights Commission; Problems of administration in coalition regimes; Citizen-administration interface; Corruption and administration; Disaster management.
लोक प्रशासन
भारतीय प्रशासन
भारतीय प्रशासन का विकास: कौटिल्य के अर्थशास्त्र; मुगल प्रशासन; राजनीति और प्रशासन में ब्रिटिश शासन की विरासत - सार्वजनिक सेवाओं, राजस्व प्रशासन, जिला प्रशासन, स्थानीय स्वराज्य के भारतीयकरण।
सरकार के दार्शनिक और संवैधानिक ढांचे: मुख्य विशेषताएं और मूल्य परिसर; संवैधानिकता; राजनीतिक संस्कृति; नौकरशाही और लोकतंत्र; नौकरशाही और विकास
सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उपक्रम: आधुनिक भारत में सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र; पब्लिक सेक्टर अंडरटेकिंग के फार्म; स्वायत्तता, जवाबदेही और नियंत्रण की समस्याएं; उदारीकरण और निजीकरण का प्रभाव
केंद्र सरकार और प्रशासन: कार्यकारी, संसद, न्यायपालिका - संरचना, कार्य, कार्य प्रक्रिया; हाल के रुझान; आधिकारिक संबंध; कैबिनेट सचिवालय; प्रधान मंत्री कार्यालय; केंद्रीय सचिवालय; मंत्रालयों और विभागों; बोर्ड; आयोगों; संलग्न कार्यालय; फील्ड संगठन
योजनाएं और प्राथमिकताएं: नियोजन की मशीनरी; योजना आयोग और राष्ट्रीय विकास परिषद की भूमिका, रचना और कार्य; 'सूचक' योजना; संघ और राज्य स्तरों पर योजना तैयार करने की प्रक्रिया; संवैधानिक संशोधन (1 99 2) और आर्थिक विकास और सामाजिक न्याय के लिए विकेंद्रीकृत योजना।
राज्य सरकार और प्रशासन: संघ राज्य प्रशासनिक, विधायी और वित्तीय संबंध; वित्त आयोग की भूमिका; राज्यपाल; मुख्यमंत्री; मंत्रिमंडल; प्रमुख शासन सचिव; राज्य सचिवालय; निदेशालय
स्वतंत्रता के बाद जिला प्रशासन: कलेक्टर की भूमिका बदलना; संघस्थानी स्थानीय संबंध; विकास प्रबंधन और कानून एवं व्यवस्था प्रशासन के प्रत्याशियों; जिला प्रशासन और लोकतांत्रिक विकेंद्रीकरण
नागरिक सेवाएं: संवैधानिक स्थिति; संरचना, भर्ती, प्रशिक्षण और क्षमता-निर्माण; सुशासन की पहल; आचार संहिता और अनुशासन; स्टाफ संघों; राजनीतिक अधिकार; शिकायत निवारण तंत्र; सिविल सेवा तटस्थता; सिविल सेवा सक्रियता
वित्तीय प्रबंधन: राजनीतिक साधन के रूप में बजट; सार्वजनिक व्यय का संसदीय नियंत्रण; मौद्रिक और वित्तीय क्षेत्र में वित्त मंत्रालय की भूमिका; लेखा तकनीकों; लेखा परीक्षा; भारत के नियंत्रक और महालेखा परीक्षक के खातों के नियंत्रक जनरल की भूमिका
स्वतंत्रता के बाद से प्रशासनिक सुधार: प्रमुख चिताएं; महत्वपूर्ण समितियों और कमीशन; वित्तीय प्रबंधन और मानव संसाधन विकास में सुधार; कार्यान्वयन की समस्याएं
ग्रामीण विकास: स्वतंत्रता के बाद संस्थाएं और एजेंसियां; ग्रामीण विकास कार्यक्रम: फेशन और रणनीतियों; विकेंद्रीकरण और पंचायती राज; 73 वां संवैधानिक संशोधन
शहरी स्थानीय सरकार: नगरपालिका प्रशासन: मुख्य विशेषताएं, संरचना, वित्त और समस्या क्षेत्रों; 74 वें संवैधानिक संशोधन; ग्लोबवालोकल बहस; नया स्थानीयकरण; शहर प्रबंधन के लिए विशेष संदर्भ के साथ विकास की गतिशीलता, राजनीति और प्रशासन।
कानून और व्यवस्था प्रशासन: ब्रिटिश विरासत; राष्ट्रीय पुलिस आयोग; जांच एजेंसियां; कानून और व्यवस्था के रखरखाव में अर्धसैनिक बलों सहित केंद्रीय और राज्य एजेंसियों की भूमिका और विद्रोह और आतंकवाद का मुकाबला; राजनीति और प्रशासन के आपराधिकरण; पुलिस-जनसंपर्क; पुलिस में सुधार
भारतीय प्रशासन में महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दे: सार्वजनिक सेवा में मान; विनियामक आयोगों; राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग; गठबंधन शासनों में प्रशासन की समस्याएं; नागरिक प्रशासन इंटरफ़ेस; भ्रष्टाचार और प्रशासन; आपदा प्रबंधन।
(PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY)
Physical Geography
Human Geography
(GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA)
भूगोल के सिद्धांत
प्राकृतिक भूगोल:
मानव भूगोल (Human Geography)
भारत का भूगोल (Geography of India)
Political Theory and Indian Politics
1.Political theory: meaning and approaches.
2.Theories of the state: Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, Pluralist, Post-colonial and feminist.
3.Justice: Conceptions of justice with special reference to Rawl's theory of justice and its communitarian critiques.
4.Equality: Social, political and economic;relationship between equality and freedom; Affirmative action.
5.Rights: Meaning and theories; different kinds of rights; concept of Human Rights.
6.Democracy: Classical and contemporary theories; different models of democracy-representative, participatory and deliberative.
7.Concept of power: hegemony, ideology and legitimacy.
8.Political Ideologies: Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Fascism, Gandhism and Feminism.
9.Indian Political Thought: Dharamshastra, Arthashastra and Buddhist traditions; Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Sri Aurobindo, M.K. Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar, M.N. Roy.
10.Western Political Thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, John S. Mill, Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt.
Indian Government and politics
राजनैतिक सिद्धांत एवं भारतीय राजनीति
भारतीय शासन एवं राजनीति
(ख): राज्य सरकार के प्रधान अंग कार्यपालिका, विधायिका एवं उच्च न्यायालयों की विचारित भूमिका एवं वास्तविक कार्यप्रणाली।
Comparative Politics and International Relations
Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics:
India and the World
तुलनात्मक राजनीति तथा अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंध
तुलनात्मक राजनैतिक विश्लेषण एवं अंतर्राष्ट्रीय राजनीति:
भारत तथा विश्व
Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration syllabus ; Wilson’s vision of Public Administration; Evolution of the discipline and its present status; New Public Administration; Public Choice approach; Challenges of liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation; Good Governance: concept and application; New Public Management.
Scientific Management and Scientific Management movement; Classical Theory; Weber’s bureaucratic model – its critique and post-Weberian Developments; Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett); Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others); Functions of the Executive (C.I. Barnard); Simon’s decision-making theory; Participative Management (R. Likert, C.Argyris, D.McGregor).
Process and techniques of decision-making; Communication; Morale; Motivation Theories – content, process and contemporary; Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern.
Theories – systems, contingency; Structure and forms: Ministries and Departments, Corporations, Companies, Boards and Commissions; Ad hoc and advisory bodies; Headquarters and Field relationships; Regulatory Authorities; Public - Private Partnerships.
Concepts of accountability and control; Legislative, Executive and Judicial control over administration; Citizen and Administration; Role of media, interest groups, voluntary organizations; Civil society; Citizen’s Charters; Right to Information; Social audit.
Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on Administrative law; Delegated legislation; Administrative Tribunals.
Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in different countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and administration; Riggsian models and their critique.
Concept of development; Changing profile of development administration; ‘Anti-development thesis’; Bureaucracy and development; Strong state versus the market debate; Impact of liberalisation on administration in developing countries; Women and development - the self-help group movement.
Importance of human resource development; Recruitment, training, career advancement, position classification, discipline, performance appraisal, promotion, pay and service conditions; employer-employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism; Code of conduct; Administrative ethics.
Models of policy-making and their critique; Processes of conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review and their limitations; State theories and public policy formulation.
Organisation and methods, Work study and work management; e-governance and information technology; Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM.
Monetary and fiscal policies; Public borrowings and public debt Budgets - types and forms; Budgetary process; Financial accountability; Accounts and audit.
प्रशासनिक सिद्धांत
Kautilya’s Arthashastra; Mughal administration; Legacy of British rule in politics and administration - Indianization of public services, revenue administration, district administration, local self-government.
Salient features and value premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture; Bureaucracy and democracy; Bureaucracy and development.
Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public Sector Undertakings; Problems of autonomy, accountability and control; Impact of liberalization and privatization.
Executive, Parliament, Judiciary - structure, functions, work processes; Recent trends; Intragovernmental relations; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister’s Office; Central Secretariat; Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices; Field organizations.
Machinery of planning; Role, composition and functions of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council; ‘Indicative’ planning; Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels; Constitutional Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development and social justice.
Union-State administrative, legislative and financial relations; Role of the Finance Commission; Governor; Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State Secretariat; Directorates.
Changing role of the Collector; Union-state-local relations; Imperatives of development management and law and order administration; District administration and democratic decentralization.
Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training and capacity-building; Good governance initiatives; Code of conduct and discipline; Staff associations; Political rights; Grievance redressal mechanism; Civil service neutrality; Civil service activism.
Budget as a political instrument; Parliamentary control of public expenditure; Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal area; Accounting techniques; Audit; Role of Controller General of Accounts and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Major concerns; Important Committees and Commissions; Reforms in financial management and human resource development; Problems of implementation.
Institutions and agencies since independence; Rural development programmes: foci and strategies; Decentralization and Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment.
Municipal governance: main features, structures, finance and problem areas; 74th Constitutional Amendment; Global-local debate; New localism; Development dynamics, politics and administration with special reference to city management.
British legacy; National Police Commission; Investigative agencies; Role of central and state agencies including paramilitary forces in maintenance of law and order and countering insurgency and terrorism; Criminalisation of politics and administration; Police-public relations; Reforms in Police.
Values in public service; Regulatory Commissions; National Human Rights Commission; Problems of administration in coalition regimes; Citizen-administration interface; Corruption and administration; Disaster management.
लोक प्रशासन
भारतीय प्रशासन
भारतीय प्रशासन का विकास: कौटिल्य के अर्थशास्त्र; मुगल प्रशासन; राजनीति और प्रशासन में ब्रिटिश शासन की विरासत - सार्वजनिक सेवाओं, राजस्व प्रशासन, जिला प्रशासन, स्थानीय स्वराज्य के भारतीयकरण।
सरकार के दार्शनिक और संवैधानिक ढांचे: मुख्य विशेषताएं और मूल्य परिसर; संवैधानिकता; राजनीतिक संस्कृति; नौकरशाही और लोकतंत्र; नौकरशाही और विकास
सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उपक्रम: आधुनिक भारत में सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र; पब्लिक सेक्टर अंडरटेकिंग के फार्म; स्वायत्तता, जवाबदेही और नियंत्रण की समस्याएं; उदारीकरण और निजीकरण का प्रभाव
केंद्र सरकार और प्रशासन: कार्यकारी, संसद, न्यायपालिका - संरचना, कार्य, कार्य प्रक्रिया; हाल के रुझान; आधिकारिक संबंध; कैबिनेट सचिवालय; प्रधान मंत्री कार्यालय; केंद्रीय सचिवालय; मंत्रालयों और विभागों; बोर्ड; आयोगों; संलग्न कार्यालय; फील्ड संगठन
योजनाएं और प्राथमिकताएं: नियोजन की मशीनरी; योजना आयोग और राष्ट्रीय विकास परिषद की भूमिका, रचना और कार्य; 'सूचक' योजना; संघ और राज्य स्तरों पर योजना तैयार करने की प्रक्रिया; संवैधानिक संशोधन (1 99 2) और आर्थिक विकास और सामाजिक न्याय के लिए विकेंद्रीकृत योजना।
राज्य सरकार और प्रशासन: संघ राज्य प्रशासनिक, विधायी और वित्तीय संबंध; वित्त आयोग की भूमिका; राज्यपाल; मुख्यमंत्री; मंत्रिमंडल; प्रमुख शासन सचिव; राज्य सचिवालय; निदेशालय
स्वतंत्रता के बाद जिला प्रशासन: कलेक्टर की भूमिका बदलना; संघस्थानी स्थानीय संबंध; विकास प्रबंधन और कानून एवं व्यवस्था प्रशासन के प्रत्याशियों; जिला प्रशासन और लोकतांत्रिक विकेंद्रीकरण
नागरिक सेवाएं: संवैधानिक स्थिति; संरचना, भर्ती, प्रशिक्षण और क्षमता-निर्माण; सुशासन की पहल; आचार संहिता और अनुशासन; स्टाफ संघों; राजनीतिक अधिकार; शिकायत निवारण तंत्र; सिविल सेवा तटस्थता; सिविल सेवा सक्रियता
वित्तीय प्रबंधन: राजनीतिक साधन के रूप में बजट; सार्वजनिक व्यय का संसदीय नियंत्रण; मौद्रिक और वित्तीय क्षेत्र में वित्त मंत्रालय की भूमिका; लेखा तकनीकों; लेखा परीक्षा; भारत के नियंत्रक और महालेखा परीक्षक के खातों के नियंत्रक जनरल की भूमिका
स्वतंत्रता के बाद से प्रशासनिक सुधार: प्रमुख चिताएं; महत्वपूर्ण समितियों और कमीशन; वित्तीय प्रबंधन और मानव संसाधन विकास में सुधार; कार्यान्वयन की समस्याएं
ग्रामीण विकास: स्वतंत्रता के बाद संस्थाएं और एजेंसियां; ग्रामीण विकास कार्यक्रम: फेशन और रणनीतियों; विकेंद्रीकरण और पंचायती राज; 73 वां संवैधानिक संशोधन
शहरी स्थानीय सरकार: नगरपालिका प्रशासन: मुख्य विशेषताएं, संरचना, वित्त और समस्या क्षेत्रों; 74 वें संवैधानिक संशोधन; ग्लोबवालोकल बहस; नया स्थानीयकरण; शहर प्रबंधन के लिए विशेष संदर्भ के साथ विकास की गतिशीलता, राजनीति और प्रशासन।
कानून और व्यवस्था प्रशासन: ब्रिटिश विरासत; राष्ट्रीय पुलिस आयोग; जांच एजेंसियां; कानून और व्यवस्था के रखरखाव में अर्धसैनिक बलों सहित केंद्रीय और राज्य एजेंसियों की भूमिका और विद्रोह और आतंकवाद का मुकाबला; राजनीति और प्रशासन के आपराधिकरण; पुलिस-जनसंपर्क; पुलिस में सुधार
भारतीय प्रशासन में महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दे: सार्वजनिक सेवा में मान; विनियामक आयोगों; राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग; गठबंधन शासनों में प्रशासन की समस्याएं; नागरिक प्रशासन इंटरफ़ेस; भ्रष्टाचार और प्रशासन; आपदा प्रबंधन।
(a) Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of sociology.
(b) Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.
(c) Sociology and common sense.
(a) Science, scientific method and critique.
(b) Major theoretical strands of research methodology.
(c) Positivism and its critique.
(d) Fact value and objectivity.
(e) Non- positivist methodologies.
(a) Qualitative and quantitative methods.
(b) Techniques of data collection.
(c) Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.
(a) Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.
(b) Emile Durkheim- Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society.
(c) Max Weber- Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
(d) Talcolt Parsons-Social system, pattern variables.
(e) Robert K. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups
(f) Mead - Self and identity.
(a) Concepts- equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and deprivation
(b) Theories of social stratification- Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.
(c) Dimensions – Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity and race.
(d) Social mobility- open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and causes of mobility.
(a) Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society.
(b) Formal and informal organization of work
(c) Labour and society.
(a) Sociological theories of power
(b) Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
(c) Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
(d) Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
(a) Sociological theories of religion.
(b) Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
(c) Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
(a) Family, household, marriage.
(b) Types and forms of family.
(c) Lineage and descent
(d) Patriarchy and sexual division of labour
(e) Contemporary trends.
(a) Sociological theories of social change.
(b) Development and dependency.
(c) Agents of social change.
(d) Education and social change.
(e) Science, technology and social change.
(i) Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
(a) Indology (GS. Ghurye).
(b) Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
(c) Marxist sociology ( A R Desai).
(ii) Impact of colonial rule on Indian society :
(a) Social background of Indian nationalism.
(b) Modernization of Indian tradition.
(c) Protests and movements during the colonial period.
(d) Social reforms
(i) Rural and Agrarian Social Structure:
(a) The idea of Indian village and village studies-
(b) Agrarian social structure -
evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
(ii) Caste System:
(a) Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
(b) Features of caste system.
(c) Untouchability - forms and perspectives
(iii) Tribal communities in India:
(a) Definitional problems.
(b) Geographical spread.
(c) Colonial policies and tribes.
(d) Issues of integration and autonomy.
(iv) Social Classes in India:
(a) Agrarian class structure.
(b) Industrial class structure.
(c) Middle classes in India.
(v) Systems of Kinship in India:
(a) Lineage and descent in India.
(b) Types of kinship systems.
(c) Family and marriage in India.
(d) Household dimensions of the family.
(e) Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour.
(vi) Religion and Society:
(a) Religious communities in India.
(b) Problems of religious minorities.
(i) Visions of Social Change in India:
(a) Idea of development planning and mixed economy.
(b) Constitution, law and social change.
(c) Education and social change.
(ii) Rural and Agrarian transformation in India:
(a) Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives, poverty alleviation schemes.
(b) Green revolution and social change.
(c) Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture .
(d) Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.
(iii) Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:
(a) Evolution of modern industry in India.
(b) Growth of urban settlements in India.
(c) Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
(d) Informal sector, child labour
(e) Slums and deprivation in urban areas.
(iv) Politics and Society:
(a) Nation, democracy and citizenship.
(b) Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite.
(c) Regionalism and decentralization of power.
(d) Secularization
(v) Social Movements in Modern India:
(a) Peasants and farmers movements.
(b) Women’s movement.
(c) Backward classes & Dalit movement.
(d) Environmental movements.
(e) Ethnicity and Identity movements.
(vi) Population Dynamics:
(a) Population size, growth, composition and distribution.
(b) Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
(c) Population policy and family planning.
(d) Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.
(vii) Challenges of Social Transformation:
(a) Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability.
(b) Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
(c) Violence against women.
(d) Caste conflicts.
(e) Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
(f) Illiteracy and disparities in education.
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