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December 18, 2024

Daily Legal Current : 18 Dec 2024/Principles of Natural Justice/ Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa/ प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्धांत/नेमो डेबेट एसे जुडेक्स इन प्रोप्रिया कॉसा:

Why in News ?  The termes were recently in news.

What is Natural Justice ?

Natural justice is the foundation of fairness in law. It ensures decisions are made without bias and after giving parties a fair opportunity to present their case.

About Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa:

Meaning: No one should be a judge in their own case.

Objective: Prevents bias and ensures impartiality.

Examples:

  • A judge or decision-maker with a personal interest in a case must recuse themselves.
  • Any decision made with conflict of interest is considered invalid.

About Audi alteram partem:

Meaning: Hear the other side.

Objective: Everyone affected by a decision should have the opportunity to present their case.

Examples:

  • In disciplinary actions, the accused must be given a chance to defend themselves.
  • No decision should be made ex parte (without hearing one party), except in exceptional circumstances.

Relationship between Natural Justice and Speaking Orders:

  • Speaking orders complement the principles of natural justice by ensuring fairness and transparency.
  • They support the principle of nemo debet esse judex in propria causa by allowing scrutiny of decisions to check for bias.
  • They uphold audi alteram partem by showing that all arguments were considered before reaching a conclusion.
  • Conclusion:

Together, speaking orders and the principles of natural justice are cornerstones of a fair legal system. They promote transparency, accountability, and trust, ensuring that decisions are not just made fairly but also appear fair to all concerned.

Case law :   

Sandeep Kumar v. GB Pant Institute of Engineering & Technology Ghurdauri (2024)

  • The Supreme Court of India addressed the termination of an employee without a disciplinary inquiry.
  • The Court held that such termination violated the principles of natural justice, emphasizing the necessity of conducting a proper inquiry and providing the employee an opportunity to be heard before making a decision.

 प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्धांत/नेमो डेबेट एसे जुडेक्स इन प्रोप्रिया कॉसा:

चर्चा में क्यों? हाल ही में ये शब्द चर्चा में थे।

प्राकृतिक न्याय क्या है?

प्राकृतिक न्याय कानून में निष्पक्षता की नींव है। यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि निर्णय पक्षपात रहित तरीके से किए जाएं और पक्षों को अपना मामला पेश करने का उचित अवसर दिया जाए।

नेमो डेबेट एसे जुडेक्स इन प्रोप्रिया कॉसा के बारे में:

अर्थ: किसी को भी अपने मामले में न्यायाधीश नहीं होना चाहिए।

उद्देश्य: पक्षपात को रोकता है और निष्पक्षता सुनिश्चित करता है।

उदाहरण:

  • किसी मामले में व्यक्तिगत रुचि रखने वाले न्यायाधीश या निर्णयकर्ता को खुद को अलग कर लेना चाहिए।
  • हितों के टकराव के साथ लिया गया कोई भी निर्णय अमान्य माना जाता है।

ऑडी अल्टरम पार्टम के बारे में:

अर्थ: दूसरे पक्ष को सुनें।

उद्देश्य: किसी निर्णय से प्रभावित होने वाले प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को अपना मामला पेश करने का अवसर मिलना चाहिए।

उदाहरण:

  • अनुशासनात्मक कार्रवाइयों में, अभियुक्त को अपना बचाव करने का अवसर दिया जाना चाहिए।
  • असाधारण परिस्थितियों को छोड़कर, कोई भी निर्णय एकपक्षीय (एक पक्ष की सुनवाई किए बिना) नहीं लिया जाना चाहिए।

प्राकृतिक न्याय और बोलने के आदेशों के बीच संबंध:

  • बोलने के आदेश निष्पक्षता और पारदर्शिता सुनिश्चित करके प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्धांतों को पूरक बनाते हैं।
  • वे पक्षपात की जाँच करने के लिए निर्णयों की जाँच की अनुमति देकर निमो डेबेट एसे जुडेक्स इन प्रोप्रिया कॉसा के सिद्धांत का समर्थन करते हैं।

वे यह दिखाकर ऑडी अल्टरम पार्टम को बनाए रखते हैं कि किसी निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचने से पहले सभी तर्कों पर विचार किया गया था।

निष्कर्ष:

एक साथ, बोलने के आदेश और प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्धांत एक निष्पक्ष कानूनी प्रणाली की आधारशिला हैं। वे पारदर्शिता, जवाबदेही और विश्वास को बढ़ावा देते हैं, यह सुनिश्चित करते हुए कि निर्णय न केवल निष्पक्ष रूप से किए जाते हैं बल्कि सभी संबंधितों के लिए निष्पक्ष भी लगते हैं।

केस लॉ:

संदीप कुमार बनाम जीबी पंत इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ इंजीनियरिंग एंड टेक्नोलॉजी घुड़दौरी (2024):

  •   भारत के सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने अनुशासनात्मक जाँच के बिना किसी कर्मचारी की बर्खास्तगी को संबोधित किया।
  •   न्यायालय ने माना कि इस तरह की समाप्ति प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्धांतों का उल्लंघन करती है, उचित जाँच करने और निर्णय लेने से पहले कर्मचारी को सुनवाई का अवसर प्रदान करने की आवश्यकता पर बल दिया।

Related Questions:

  1. Which case first established the principle of “Nemo Debet Esse Judex in Propria Causa” in English law?
    a) R v Sussex Justices
    b) Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works
    c) Dimes v Grand Junction Canal
    d) Maneka Gandhi v Union of India
  2. In which landmark Indian case was the principle of “Aeram Partemudi Alt” recognized as an essential part of natural justice?
    a) Keshavananda Bharati v State of Kerala
    b) Maneka Gandhi v Union of India
    c) A.K. Kraipak v Union of India
    d) Shankari Prasad v Union of India
  3. What does the principle “Nemo Debet Esse Judex in Propria Causa” ensure?
    a) Equal representation in court
    b) No one should be a judge in their own cause
    c) A fair opportunity for all parties to be heard
    d) Prevention of retrospective laws
  4. In Dimes v Grand Junction Canal, what was the primary issue with the judge’s role in the case?
    a) The judge had a personal interest in the case
    b) The judge did not hear both parties
    c) The judge misinterpreted the law
    d) The judge violated procedural rules
  5. Which Indian case established that principles of natural justice are implied even when not explicitly mentioned in a statute?
    a) Ridge v Baldwin
    b) A.K. Kraipak v Union of India
    c) E.P. Royappa v State of Tamil Nadu
    d) Olga Tellis v Bombay Municipal Corporation
  6. In R v Sussex Justices, what was the core issue leading to the decision that “justice must not only be done but must also be seen to be done”?
    a) The absence of evidence in the case
    b) The involvement of a biased clerk
    c) Non-compliance with procedural rules
    d) An unfair trial
  7. Which case clarified that exclusion of the principles of natural justice is permissible in specific exceptional situations?
    a) A.K. Gopalan v State of Madras
    b) Union of India v Tulsiram Patel
    c) Golaknath v State of Punjab
    d) Minerva Mills v Union of India
  8. In the case of Minerals Development Ltd. v State of Bihar, what principle of natural justice was upheld?
    a) Nemo Debet Esse Judex in Propria Causa
    b) Audi Alteram Partem
    c) Right to legal representation
    d) Right to property
  9. In Maneka Gandhi v Union of India, the Supreme Court ruled that any law or action violating natural justice principles must be:
    a) Reasonable and just
    b) Written in the Constitution
    c) Approved by the Parliament
    d) Sanctioned by the executive
  10. In which case was the principle of “Nemo Debet Esse Judex in Propria Causa” used to invalidate a decision because the deciding authority had a financial interest in the outcome?
    a) Olga Tellis v Bombay Municipal Corporation
    b) Dimes v Grand Junction Canal
    c) Indira Nehru Gandhi v Raj Narain
    d) Kesavananda Bharati v State of Kerala

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